Direct coating of electrodes in silicon-dominant anode cells

ABSTRACT

Systems and methods are provided for high volume roll-to-roll direct coating of electrodes for silicon-dominant anode cells.

CLAIM OF PRIORITY

This patent application makes reference to, claims priority to andclaims benefit from U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No.62/854,935, filed on May 30, 2019. The above identified application ishereby incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

TECHNICAL FIELD

Aspects of the present disclosure relate to energy generation andstorage. More specifically, certain implementations of the presentdisclosure relate to methods and systems for direct coating ofelectrodes in silicon-dominant anode cells.

BACKGROUND

Various issues may exist with conventional battery technologies. In thisregard, conventional systems and methods, if any existed, for designingand making battery anodes may be costly, cumbersome, and/orinefficient—e.g., they may be complex and/or time consuming toimplement, and may limit battery lifetime.

Further limitations and disadvantages of conventional and traditionalapproaches will become apparent to one of skill in the art, throughcomparison of such systems with some aspects of the present disclosureas set forth in the remainder of the present application with referenceto the drawings.

BRIEF SUMMARY

System and methods are provided for direct coating of electrodes insilicon-dominant anode cells, substantially as shown in and/or describedin connection with at least one of the figures, as set forth morecompletely in the claims.

These and other advantages, aspects and novel features of the presentdisclosure, as well as details of an illustrated embodiment thereof,will be more fully understood from the following description anddrawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a diagram of a battery with a silicon-dominate anode, inaccordance with an example embodiment of the disclosure.

FIG. 2 illustrates an example silicon-dominant anode, in accordance withan example embodiment of the disclosure.

FIG. 3 is a flow diagram of a process for direct coating electrodes, inaccordance with an example embodiment of the disclosure.

FIG. 4 illustrates a side view of a high volume continuous roll-to-rollheat treatment system, in accordance with an example embodiment of thedisclosure.

FIG. 5 illustrates a side view of an example high volume continuousbatch roll-to-roll heat treatment system, in accordance with anotherexample embodiment of the disclosure.

FIG. 6 illustrates a top view of an example roll-to-roll system withmultiple manufacturing lines, in accordance with an example embodimentof the disclosure.

FIG. 7 illustrates a top view of an embodiment of an electrode roll withmultiple mixture strips on a single current collector, in accordancewith an example embodiment of the disclosure.

FIG. 8 is a plot illustrating voltage profile of cells that useelectrodes produced using high-volume direct coating based roll-to-rollprocess, in accordance with an example embodiment of the disclosure.

FIG. 9 is a plot illustrating capacity retention performance for cellsthat use electrodes produced using high-volume direct coating basedroll-to-roll process, in accordance with an example embodiment of thedisclosure.

FIG. 10 is a plot illustrating cell thickness growth at 100% SOC (Stateof Charge) during cycle life for cells that use electrodes producedusing high-volume direct coating based roll-to-roll process, inaccordance with an example embodiment of the disclosure.

FIG. 11 is a plot illustrating charge rates for cells that useelectrodes produced using high-volume direct coating based roll-to-rollprocess, in accordance with an example embodiment of the disclosure.

FIG. 12 is a plot illustrating capacity fade with fast charge cycles forcells that use electrodes produced using high-volume direct coatingbased roll-to-roll process, in accordance with an example embodiment ofthe disclosure.

FIG. 13 is a plot illustrating normalized capacity retention with fastcharge cycles for cells that use electrodes produced using high-volumedirect coating based roll-to-roll process, in accordance with an exampleembodiment of the disclosure.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

FIG. 1 is a diagram of a battery with a silicon-dominate anode, inaccordance with an example embodiment of the disclosure. Referring toFIG. 1, there is shown a battery 100 comprising a separator 103sandwiched between an anode 101 and a cathode 105, with currentcollectors 107A and 107B. There is also shown a load 109 coupled to thebattery 100 illustrating instances when the battery 100 is in dischargemode. In this disclosure, the term “battery” may be used to indicate asingle electrochemical cell, a plurality of electrochemical cells formedinto a module, and/or a plurality of modules formed into a pack.

The development of portable electronic devices and electrification oftransportation drive the need for high performance electrochemicalenergy storage. Small-scale (<100 Wh) to large-scale (>10 KWh) devicesprimarily use lithium-ion (Li-ion) batteries over other rechargeablebattery chemistries due to their high-performance.

The anode 101 and cathode 105, along with the current collectors 107Aand 107B, may comprise the electrodes, which may comprise plates orfilms within, or containing, an electrolyte material, where the platesmay provide a physical barrier for containing the electrolyte as well asa conductive contact to external structures. In other embodiments, theanode/cathode plates are immersed in electrolyte while an outer casingprovides electrolyte containment. The anode 101 and cathode areelectrically coupled to the current collectors 107A and 107B, whichcomprise metal or other conductive material for providing electricalcontact to the electrodes as well as physical support for the activematerial in forming electrodes.

The configuration shown in FIG. 1 illustrates the battery 100 indischarge mode, whereas in a charging configuration, the load 107 may bereplaced with a charger to reverse the process. In one class ofbatteries, the separator 103 is generally a film material, made of anelectrically insulating polymer, for example, that prevents electronsfrom flowing from anode 101 to cathode 105, or vice versa, while beingporous enough to allow ions to pass through the separator 103.Typically, the separator 103, cathode 105, and anode 101 materials areindividually formed into sheets, films, or active material coated foils.Sheets of the cathode, separator and anode are subsequently stacked orrolled with the separator 103 separating the cathode 105 and anode 101to form the battery 100. In some embodiments, the separator 103 is asheet and generally utilizes winding methods and stacking in itsmanufacture. In these methods, the anodes, cathodes, and currentcollectors (e.g., electrodes) may comprise films.

In an example scenario, the battery 100 may comprise a solid, liquid, orgel electrolyte. The separator 103 preferably does not dissolve intypical battery electrolytes such as compositions that may comprise:Ethylene Carbonate (EC), Fluoroethylene Carbonate (FEC), PropyleneCarbonate (PC), Dimethyl Carbonate (DMC), Ethyl Methyl Carbonate (EMC),Diethyl Carbonate (DEC), etc. with dissolved LiBF₄, LiAsF₆, LiPF₆, andLiClO₄, etc. The separator 103 may be wet or soaked with a liquid or gelelectrolyte. In addition, in an example embodiment, the separator 103does not melt below about 100 to 120° C., and exhibits sufficientmechanical properties for battery applications. A battery, in operation,can experience expansion and contraction of the anode and/or thecathode. In an example embodiment, the separator 103 can expand andcontract by at least about 5 to 10% without failing, and may also beflexible.

The separator 103 may be sufficiently porous so that ions can passthrough the separator once wet with, for example, a liquid or gelelectrolyte. Alternatively (or additionally), the separator may absorbthe electrolyte through a gelling or other process even withoutsignificant porosity. The porosity of the separator 103 is alsogenerally not too porous to allow the anode 101 and cathode 105 totransfer electrons through the separator 103.

The anode 101 and cathode 105 comprise electrodes for the battery 100,providing electrical connections to the device for transfer ofelectrical charge in charge and discharge states. The anode 101 maycomprise silicon, carbon, or combinations of these materials, forexample. Typical anode electrodes comprise a carbon material thatincludes a current collector such as a copper sheet. Carbon is oftenused because it has excellent electrochemical properties and is alsoelectrically conductive. Anode electrodes currently used in rechargeablelithium-ion cells typically have a specific capacity of approximately200 milliamp hours per gram. Graphite, the active material used in mostlithium ion battery anodes, has a theoretical energy density of 372milliamp hours per gram (mAh/g). In comparison, silicon has a hightheoretical capacity of 4200 mAh/g. In order to increase volumetric andgravimetric energy density of lithium-ion batteries, silicon may be usedas the active material for the cathode or anode. Silicon anodes may beformed from silicon composites, with more than 50% silicon, for example.

In an example scenario, the anode 101 and cathode 105 store the ion usedfor separation of charge, such as lithium. In this example, theelectrolyte carries positively charged lithium ions from the anode 101to the cathode 105 in discharge mode, as shown in FIG. 1 for example,and vice versa through the separator 105 in charge mode. The movement ofthe lithium ions creates free electrons in the anode 101 which creates acharge at the positive current collector 107B. The electrical currentthen flows from the current collector through the load 109 to thenegative current collector 107A. The separator 103 blocks the flow ofelectrons inside the battery 100, allows the flow of lithium ions, andprevents direct contact between the electrodes.

While the battery 100 is discharging and providing an electric current,the anode 101 releases lithium ions to the cathode 105 via the separator103, generating a flow of electrons from one side to the other via thecoupled load 109. When the battery is being charged, the oppositehappens where lithium ions are released by the cathode 105 and receivedby the anode 101.

The materials selected for the anode 101 and cathode 105 are importantfor the reliability and energy density possible for the battery 100. Theenergy, power, cost, and safety of current Li-ion batteries need to beimproved in order to, for example, compete with internal combustionengine (ICE) technology and allow for the widespread adoption ofelectric vehicles (EVs). High energy density, high power density, andimproved safety of lithium-ion batteries are achieved with thedevelopment of high-capacity and high-voltage cathodes, high-capacityanodes and functionally non-flammable electrolytes with high voltagestability and interfacial compatibility with electrodes. In addition,materials with low toxicity are beneficial as battery materials toreduce process cost and promote consumer safety.

The performance of electrochemical electrodes, while dependent on manyfactors, is largely dependent on the robustness of electrical contactbetween electrode particles, as well as between the current collectorand the electrode particles. The electrical conductivity of siliconanode electrodes may be manipulated by incorporating conductiveadditives with different morphological properties. Carbon black (SuperP), vapor grown carbon fibers (VGCF), and a mixture of the two havepreviously been incorporated separately into the anode electroderesulting in improved performance of the anode. The synergisticinteractions between the two carbon materials may facilitate electricalcontact throughout the large volume changes of the silicon anode duringcharge and discharge.

State-of-the-art lithium-ion batteries typically employ agraphite-dominant anode as an intercalation material for lithium.Silicon-dominant anodes, however, offer improvements compared tographite-dominant Li-ion batteries. Silicon exhibits both highergravimetric (3579 mAh/g vs. 372 mAh/g for graphite) and volumetriccapacities (2194 mAh/L vs. 890 mAh/L for graphite). In addition,silicon-based anodes have a lithiation/delithiation voltage plateau atabout 0.3-0.4V vs. Li/Li⁺, which allows it to maintain an open circuitpotential that avoids undesirable Li plating and dendrite formation.While silicon shows excellent electrochemical activity, achieving astable cycle life for silicon-based anodes is challenging due tosilicon's large volume changes during lithiation and delithiation.Silicon regions may lose electrical contact from the anode as largevolume changes coupled with its low electrical conductivity separate thesilicon from surrounding materials in the anode.

In addition, the large silicon volume changes exacerbate solidelectrolyte interphase (SEI) formation, which can further lead toelectrical isolation and, thus, capacity loss. Expansion and shrinkageof silicon particles upon charge-discharge cycling causes pulverizationof silicon particles, which increases their specific surface area. Asthe silicon surface area changes and increases during cycling, SEIrepeatedly breaks apart and reforms. The SEI thus continually builds uparound the pulverizing silicon regions during cycling into a thickelectronic and ionic insulating layer. This accumulating SEI increasesthe impedance of the electrode and reduces the electrode electrochemicalreactivity, which is detrimental to cycle life.

FIG. 2 illustrates an example silicon-dominant anode, in accordance withan example embodiment of the disclosure. Referring to FIG. 2, there areshown a current collector 201, an optional adhesive 203, and an activematerial 205. It should be noted, however, that the adhesive 203 may ormay not be present, such as depending on the type of anode fabricationprocess utilized, as the adhesive is not necessarily present in a directcoating process where the active material is formed directly on thecurrent collector.

In an example scenario, the active material 205 comprises siliconparticles in a binder material and a solvent, the active material 205being pyrolyzed to turn the binder into a glassy carbon that provides astructural framework around the silicon particles and also provideselectrical conductivity. The active material may be coupled to thecurrent collector 201 using the optional adhesive 203. The currentcollector 201 may comprise a metal film, such as copper, nickel, ortitanium, for example, although other conductive foils may be utilizeddepending on desired tensile strength. In addition, the currentcollector 201 may have surface treatment/coating to have rough surfaceto increase adhesion between the current collector 201 and an activematerial 205.

FIG. 2 also illustrates lithium particles impinging upon and lithiatingthe active material 205. As illustrated in FIG. 2, the current collector201 has a thickness t, which may vary based on the particularimplementation. In this regard, in some implementations thicker foilsmay be used while in other implementations thinner foils are used.Example thicker foils may be greater than 6 μm, such as 10 μm or 20 μmfor copper, for example, while thinner foils may be less than 6 μm thickin copper

In an example scenario, when an adhesive is used, the adhesive 203comprises a polymer such as polyimide (PI), polyacrylic acid (PAA) orpolyamide-imide (PAI) that provides adhesive strength of the activematerial film 205 to the current collector 201 while still providingelectrical contact to the current collector 201. Other adhesives may beutilized depending on the desired strength, as long as they can provideadhesive strength with sufficient conductivity following processing. Ifthe adhesive 203 is used, it provides a stronger, more rigid bond, theexpansion in the x-and y-directions may be more restricted, assuming thecurrent collector is also strong. Conversely, a more flexible and/orthicker adhesive may allow more x-y expansion, reducing the anisotropicnature of the anode expansion.

FIG. 3 is a flow diagram of a process for direct coating electrodes, inaccordance with an example embodiment of the disclosure. This processcomprises physically mixing the active material, conductive additive,solvent and binder together, and coating it directly on a currentcollector. This example process comprises a direct coating process inwhich an anode slurry is directly coated on a copper foil using a bindersuch as CMC, SBR, Sodium Alginate, PAI, PAA, PI and mixtures andcombinations thereof.

In step 301, the raw electrode active material may be mixed using abinder/resin (such as PI, PAI), solvent, and conductive carbon. Forexample, graphene/VGCF (1:1 by weight) may be dispersed in NMP undersonication for, e.g., 1 hour followed by the addition of Super P (1:1:1with VGCF and graphene) and additional sonication for, e.g., 45-75minutes. Silicon powder with a desired particle size, may then bedispersed in polyamic acid resin (15% solids in N-Methyl pyrrolidone(NMP)) at, e.g., 1000 rpm in a ball miller for a designated time, andthen the conjugated carbon/NMP slurry may be added and dispersed at,e.g., 2000 rpm for, e.g., another predefined time to achieve a slurryviscosity within 2000-4000 cP and a total solid content of about 30%.The particle size and mixing times may be varied to configure the activematerial density and/or roughness.

In step 303, the slurry may be coated on the foil at a loading of, e.g.,2-5 mg/cm², which may undergo drying in step 305 resulting in less than0-20% residual solvent content. In step 307, an optional calenderingprocess may be utilized where a series of hard pressure rollers may beused to finish the film/substrate into a smoother and denser sheet ofmaterial.

In step 309, the active material may be pyrolyzed by heating to 500-800°C. such that carbon precursors are partially or completely convertedinto glassy carbon. The pyrolysis step may result in an anode activematerial having silicon content greater than or equal to 50% by weight,where the anode has been subjected to heating at or above 400° C.Pyrolysis can be done either in roll form or before or after punching instep 311. If done in roll form, the punching is done after the pyrolysisprocess. The punched electrode may then be sandwiched with a separatorand cathode with electrolyte to form a cell.

In step 313, the cell may be subjected to a formation process,comprising initial charge and discharge steps to lithiate the anode,with some residual lithium remaining.

In some instances, scaling electrode production may be desirable. Thus,various implementations in accordance with the present disclosureprovide processes and corresponding apparatuses configured for highvolume electrode production, particularly being configured for a directcoating based process. In this regard, high volume electrode productionsolutions in accordance with the present disclosure may be used forproduction of silicon-dominant anodes, based on carbonized polymer asthe mechanical structure, in continuous electrode form. Examples of suchprocesses and/or corresponding systems, and related features associatedtherewith, are described with respect to FIG. 4-13.

FIG. 4 illustrates a side view of a high volume continuous roll-to-rollheat treatment system, in accordance with an example embodiment of thedisclosure. Shown in FIG. 4 is system 400, which may be used for highvolume roll-to-roll electrode direct coating.

In this regard, in some embodiments, high volume roll-to-roll electrodeprocessing may be based on direct coating—this is, where the electrode(or electrode material) is coated directly on the current collector. Inother words, in such process the current collector acts as a substrateor carrier film that carries the coated mixture through themanufacturing line, including during heat-treatment (including pyrolysisprocessing) of the electrode.

An example process for providing high volume electrode direct coating,in accordance with the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 4, may includefeeding from precursor composite roll 401, a precursor composite film404 (comprising, e.g., electrode active material precursor and polymer)on a current collector 405. In this regard, the precursor composite roll401 may be made by coating electrode mixture on the current collector405, with the coated electrode mixture forming (e.g., after drying andcuring) the precursor composite film 404, and the current collector 405,with the precursor composite film 404 on it, being rolled to from theprecursor composite roll 401.

The current collector 405 with the coated precursor composite film 404is then fed through a heat treat oven 402, to undergo heat treatment(e.g., pyrolysis) of the precursor composite film 404. In this regard,while not specifically shown in FIG. 4, the system 400 may comprisesuitable components for engaging the precursor composite roll 401, andfor enabling feeding the current collector 405 with the coated precursorcomposite film 404 from the precursor composite roll 401 into the heattreat oven 402.

The heat treat over 402 may be configured for applying heat treat (e.g.,pyrolysis) in a manner that ensures forming the electrode activematerial—e.g., converting the electrode active material precursor andpolymer into the electrode active material. Further, because in directcoating the current collector is also present during the heat treatment,the heat treat oven 402 (and conditions created therein) may beconfigured particularly for applying the heat treatment in a manner thatdoes not damage the current collector.

As the precursor composite film 404 is fed through the heat treat oven402, the precursor composite film 404 is pyrolyzed, forming compositeelectrode film 406, which can be rolled up into a composite electroderoll 403. In this regard, while not specifically shown in FIG. 4, thesystem 400 may comprise suitable components for engaging the compositeelectrode roll 403, and for enabling feeding the composite electrodefilm 406 from the heat treat oven 402 into the composite electrode roll403.

In some embodiments, heat treat oven 402 is filled with an inert orreducing gas such as argon, nitrogen, helium, 5% hydrogen in argon, 5%hydrogen in nitrogen or a mixture of these or other inert or reducingatmospheres. In some embodiments, the oven 402 may have differenttemperature zones. In some embodiments, forced or passive cooling may beincorporated into portions of the oven 402 (or atmosphere isolationchambers that may be incorporated into the over 402) to control thecooling rate of the materials. The entrance and exit of the oven 402 maybe designed to maintain internal atmosphere described above and preventoutside air from entering the oven. The temperature of the materialexiting the oven has to be low enough to prevent oxidation of thecurrent collector.

The coating speed for coating the mixture onto the carrier or thecurrent collector may be between about 1 m/minute to about 100 m/minute,or about 60 m/minute to about 100 m/minute, preferably 80 m/minutes. Insome embodiments, the heat treat length is about 12 m to about 18 m,preferably about 14 m, and the amount of time a specific location on thefilm stays in the heat treat oven is about 1.2 min to about 2 min,preferably about 1.5 min. The heat treatment speed may be about 1 m/minto about 12 m/min, 8 m/min to about 12 m/min, preferably about 10 m/min.

FIG. 5 illustrates a side view of an example high volume batchroll-to-roll heat treatment system, in accordance with another exampleembodiment of the disclosure. Shown in FIG. 5 is system 500, which maybe used for high volume roll-to-roll electrode direct coating, based onan alternative approach than the one described with respect to FIG. 4.

An example process for providing high volume electrode direct coating,in accordance with the embodiment illustrated in FIG. 5, may includecoating a pre-treated electrode mixture onto a current collector anddrying and curing stages to form the precursor composite film. As shownin FIG. 5, the precursor composite film on the current collector may berolled up into a precursor composite roll 501 on a non-reactive heatresistant core, and fed through a continuous heat treat oven 502, toundergo heat treatment (e.g., pyrolysis) of the precursor compositefilm. The precursor composite roll 501 then emerges from the continuousheat treat oven 502, as composite electrode roll 503, which may be usedto form batteries. In this regard, while not specifically shown in FIG.5, the system 500 may comprise suitable components for engagingprecursor composite rolls, and for moving them within the system,particularly into, inside, and out of the oven 502.

In some embodiments, the heat treat oven 502 is filled with an inert orreducing gas such as argon, nitrogen, helium, 5% hydrogen in argon, 5%hydrogen in nitrogen or a mixture of these or other inert or reducingatmospheres. In some embodiments, forced or passive cooling may bedesigned into portions of the oven (or atmosphere isolation chambersthat may be incorporated into the oven 402) to control the cooling rateof the materials. In some embodiments, the oven would have differenttemperature zones. In some embodiments, the precursor composite roll 501and the composite electrode roll 503 may be placed in atmosphericisolation chambers that are on each end of the heat treat oven 502designed to maintain internal atmosphere described above and preventoutside air from entering the oven, The temperature of the materialexiting the oven has to be low enough to prevent oxidation of thecurrent collector.

In some embodiments where the precursor composite rolls 501 are fedthrough the continuous heat treat oven 502, for example, as shown inFIG. 5, the heat treat length is about 5 m to about 7 m, and the heattreatment on the rolls takes about 30 min to about 110 min, 90 min toabout 110 min, preferably 80 min. The heat treat output is about 1roll/hour to about 5 rolls /hour, 4.5 rolls/hour to about 5 rolls/hour,preferably about 4.8 rolls/hour.

In some embodiments, alternative roll placement (e.g., roll orientationand/or positioning within the oven) may be supported. For example, therolls may be oriented 90 degrees and travel through the oven end-to-end,as shown in the alternative implementation shown in FIG. 5. In thisspecific example, the rolls may be supported and suspended by the coreon a cylindrical or otherwise tubular support.

FIG. 6 illustrates a top view of an example roll-to-roll system withmultiple manufacturing lines, in accordance with an example embodimentof the disclosure. Shown in FIG. 6 is system 600, which may be used forhigh volume roll-to-roll electrode direct coating using multiplemanufacturing lines.

In this regard, in some embodiments, to further increase volumes,multiple manufacturing lines may be set up or used in a direct coatingbased system, such as to simultaneously produce multiple compositeelectrode rolls. For example, as shown in FIG. 6, such system mayincorporate four manufacturing lines, with each line being implementedbased on to roll-to-roll system, such as the system described withrespect to FIG. 4. In some instances, some of the components used inindividual manufacturing lines may be combined (or, alternatively, asingle component may be used for all of the manufacturing lines).

For example, as shown in FIG. 6, the system 600 may use four (4)individual precursor composite rolls 601 (each similar to the precursorcomposite roll 401 of FIG. 4) feeding 4 precursor composite films 604(each similar to the precursor composite film 404 of FIG. 4) on four (4)corresponding current collectors (not shown, as FIG. 6 is a top view,but each similar to the current collector 405 of FIG. 4). In thisregard, as described with respect to FIG. 4, each current collector iscoated with an electrode precursor composite film before heat treatment.

A single oven 602, which may be substantially similar to the oven 402 ofFIG. 4 (but configured for applying pyrolysis to multiple films, e.g.,four (4) films as shown in FIG. 6) is then used to heat treat all of theprecursor composite films 604, resulting in four (4) correspondingcomposite electrode films 606 (each similar to the composite electrodefilm 406 of FIG. 4), which may be rolled into four (4) correspondingcomposite electrode rolls 603 (each similar to the composite electroderoll 403 of FIG. 4).

FIG. 7 illustrates a top view of an embodiment of an electrode roll withmultiple electrode lanes on a single current collector, in accordancewith an example embodiment of the disclosure.

In this regard, in some embodiments, a roll-to-roll system may beconfigured for making electrode rolls with multiple electrode lanes on asingle current collector. This may be done by coating multiple electrodelanes on the current collector in the coating process. For example, aroll-on-roll system, such as the system described with respect to inFIG. 4, may be modified to support processing of multiple-striprolls—e.g., where the precursor composite film on carrier film hasmultiple strips of precursor composite, and with the system beingconfigured to process the film such that the final product would havemultiple strips in the electrode roll.

In the example implementation shown in FIG. 7, three lanes of themixture may be coated on a current collector 702. After going throughdirect coating, the three lanes of precursor composite films convert tothree separate electrode composite films. The width of the carrier orthe current collector may be about 300 mm to about 3200 mm, about 1300mm to about 3200 mm. The width 703 a of each coated mixture (and thuscorresponding electrode composite film) may be between about 100 mm toabout 200 mm, about 300 mm to about 800 mm, preferably about 500 mm toabout 650 mm, and the distance 703 b between each strip of coatedmixture may be between about 10 mm to about 60 mm, preferably about 15mm.

In some implementations, use of electrode rolls electrode rolls withmultiple mixture strips may be combined with use of multiplemanufacturing lines. For example, with reference to the system shown anddescribed with respect to FIG. 6, to maximize throughput each of themanufacturing lines may be configured to support processing electroderolls with multiple strips (e.g., with multiple lanes coated on a singlecurrent collector web).

While not specifically shown in FIGS. 4-7, the systems illustrated anddescribed therein include components (e.g., hardware components,circuitry, etc.) for supporting various functions performed in thesesystems. The systems may incorporate, for example, suitable components(e.g., sensors, control circuitry, etc., not shown) for providingcontrol and sensory functions for monitoring operations of the systems.The systems may also incorporate input/output subsystems (e.g., inputdevices, output devices, circuitry, etc.) for supporting and/orfacilitating user interactions with the systems.

In any of the embodiment where there is a furnace or heat treatment ovenabove, the furnace could be replaced with a batch oven where anindividual oven is heated and cooled with the material to be treatedcontained within the oven. The atmosphere, temperature, and temperatureramp could be controlled to ensure optimal results in terms ofconversion of precursor material to the final composite film.

In any embodiment where there is heat treatment, materials could beprocessed from a long (>1 meter) film or roll into smaller pieces forthermal treatment. In some embodiments, the smaller pieces could be inthe shape of the final punch size used for a stacked battery cell. Insome embodiments, the pieces may be placed between rigid layers to keepthe pieces flat. In some embodiments, the pieces may be stacked andaligned between the layers to keep the pieces flat. In some embodiments,the number of layers may be limited to 10, 20, 30, or 100 layers toensure uniformity during the heat treatment process. In someembodiments, the rigid layers in between the pieces is graphite, aceramic material, or a metal. In some embodiments, a weight may beplaced on top of the stack of materials to apply pressure to the stackto ensure flat electrodes are produced. In some embodiments, the weightmay be a metal such as tungsten.

As noted above, high volume electrode production solutions in accordancewith the present disclosure (e.g., any of the systems described withrespect to FIGS. 4-7) may be specifically configured for facilitatingproduction of silicon-dominant anodes, as described above (e.g., withrespect to FIGS. 1-3). In this regard, various aspects of the systemsand/or material used in such high volume electrode production solutionsmay be particularly controlled and/or adjusted to ensure that suchelectrodes (including silicon-dominant anodes, and correspondingcomponents in cells formed using such anodes) may be made, and may meetany predefined performance criteria.

For example, the amount of silicon in the anode may be adaptivelyadjusted (e.g., by adjusting or controlling the compositions and ratiosof the precursor composite films). Silicon may be increased, forexample, to enhance performance of the electrodes and correspondingcells. Also, in some embodiments, additives may be used (e.g., carbonadditives) to improve quality of the continuous electrode films, andelectrodes made using it. Further, the density of electrodes may beadaptively set or adjusted, to enhance made quality and/or performanceof electrodes and cells incorporating these electrodes. In variousimplementations, the selection of particular material and/or ratio (oramounts thereof) may be done based on experimentation, to identifyoptimal selections. In some embodiments, systems and/or material used insuch high volume electrode production solutions may be configured toenhance particular attributes of the electrode. For example, thecomposition of the electrode material may be adjusted to enhanceflexibility of electrode, which is more suitable for roller basedimplementations.

To ensure quality of electrodes made using high volume roll-to-rolldirect coating based processes (e.g., as described with respect to FIGS.4-7), cells incorporating such electrodes (referred to hereinafter as“direct coating based cells”) and performance thereof may be comparedagainst baseline cells—e.g., cells produced using baseline process, suchas continuous batch process. For example, the baseline process mayinclude forming a precursor composite film on a carrier film, peelingthe precursor composite film off the carrier, cutting the precursorcomposite film into appropriate size for an electrode, pyrolyzing thecut precursor composite film pieces, and then placing the pyrolyzedpieces on both sides of a copper foil coated with a layer ofpolyamide-imide (PAI).

For example, with respect to cell energy density, the cell energydensities of direct coating based cells compare favorably with cellsincorporating electrodes made by baseline continuous batch process. Thisis illustrated in Table 1, which shows example energy densities of 5 Lcells, and Table 2, which shows example modeled energy densities of anEV cell (550×100 mm):

TABLE 1 Roll-to-roll Baseline transfer continuous direct coating batchprocess process 4.2 V-2.75 V 598 Wh/L 639 Wh/L (0% SOC) 4.2 V-2.75 V 556Wh/L 598 Wh/L (100% SOC) 

TABLE 2 Roll-to-roll Baseline transfer continuous direct coating batchprocess process 4.2 V-2.75 V 984 Wh/L 1022 Wh/L  (0% SOC) 4.2 V-2.75 V911 Wh/L 946 Wh/L (100% SOC)   

Similarly, with first cycle coulombic efficiency and voltage profile,direct coating based cells exhibited comparable or improved performanceas baseline cells. In this regard, as used herein, first cycle coulombicefficiency is the capacity that was extracted from a cell divided by thecapacity that was first charged into the cell. Accordingly, first cyclecoulombic efficiency may be used as a metric of how reversible thechemistry is in the first cycle and as a metric of how much lithium islost due to irreversible reactions such as surface SEI formation on theanode. Direct coating based cells produced by such systems as the onesdescribed with respect to FIGS. 4 and 5 may perform as well performs aswell the baseline cells. For example, under similar testing conditions,baseline cells may have initial coulombic efficiency (ICE) of 87.4-90.1%while direct coating based cells had ICE of 86.4-89.4%.

Electrodes made using a high volume direct coating based roll-to-rollprocess, and direct coating based cells incorporating such electrodes,also perform well with respect to voltage profile. FIG. 8 is a plotillustrating voltage profile of cells that use electrodes produced usinga high-volume direct coating based roll-to-roll process, in accordancewith an example embodiment of the disclosure.

The plot shown in FIG. 8 compares voltage profile (e.g., voltage as afunction of discharge capacity), as a measure of cell performance, forcells corresponding to two different groups: group 801 and group 803. Inthis regard, group 801 represents baseline cells, whereas group 803represents direct coating based cells. As shown in the plot in FIG. 8,cells with electrodes made using high volume direct coating basedroll-to-roll process have very similar voltage profiles as the baselinecells.

Electrodes made using a high volume direct coating based roll-to-rollprocess, and direct coating based cells incorporating such electrodes,also perform well with respect to cycle life. FIG. 9 is a plotillustrating capacity retention performance for cells that useelectrodes produced using a high-volume direct coating basedroll-to-roll process, in accordance with an example embodiment of thedisclosure.

The plot shown FIG. 9 compares capacity retention, as a function ofnumber of cycles, for cells corresponding to two different groups: group901 and group 903, as a measure of cycle life performance. In thisregard, group 901 represents baseline cells, whereas group 903represents direct coating based cells. The capacity retention for bothcell groups is measured under 0.5 C charge to 4.2V and 0.5 C dischargeto 3.3V (4.2V-3.3V(0.5 C/0.5 C)) test conditions.

As shown in the plot in FIG. 9, cells with electrodes made using highvolume direct coating based roll-to-roll process exhibit comparablecycle life (capacity retention) performance as baseline cells.

Electrodes made using a high volume direct coating based roll-to-rollprocess, and direct coating based cells incorporating such electrodes,also perform well with respect to thickness growth during cycling. FIG.10 is a plot illustrating cell thickness growth at 100% SOC (State ofCharge) during cycle life for cells that use electrodes produced usinghigh-volume direct coating based roll-to-roll process, in accordancewith an example embodiment of the disclosure.

The plot shown FIG. 10 compares cell expansion, as measure of cellperformance, for cells corresponding to two different groups: group 1001and group 1003. In this regard, group 1001 represents baseline cells,whereas group 1003 represents direct coating based cells. The cellexpansion for both cell groups is measured based on changes in cellthickness against number of charge/discharge cycles.

As shown in the chart in FIG. 10, cells with electrodes made using highvolume direct coating based roll-to-roll process exhibit comparable orlow cell expansion compared to baseline cells.

Electrodes made using a high volume direct coating based roll-to-rollprocess, and direct coating based cells incorporating such electrodes,also perform well with respect to fast charge capabilities. FIG. 11 is aplot illustrating charge rates for cells that use electrodes producedusing a high-volume direct coating based roll-to-roll process, inaccordance with an example embodiment of the disclosure.

The plot shown FIG. 11 illustrates charge rates for direct coating basedcells using different C-rates (e.g., 0.33 C, 0.67 C, 1 C, 2 C, 3 C, 5 C,and 7 C), for 1 C of 720 mA, for example. Direct coating based cellsshow similar fast charge capability to that for the baseline cells.

Electrodes made using a high volume direct coating based roll-to-rollprocess, and direct coating based cells incorporating such electrodes,also perform well with respect to fast charge life cycle. FIG. 12 is aplot illustrating capacity fade with fast charge cycles for cells thatuse electrodes produced using high-volume direct coating basedroll-to-roll process, in accordance with an example embodiment of thedisclosure.

The plot shown FIG. 12 compares capacity fade, based on cell's capacityretention as a function of number of cycles for fast charge life cycle(e.g., 4 C, where 4 C is 2880 mA, for example), as a measure of cyclelife performance, for cells corresponding to two different groups: group1201 and group 1203. In this regard, group 1201 represents baselinecells, whereas group 1203 represents direct coating based cells. Thecapacity retention for both cell groups is measured under 4 C charge to4.2V and 0.5 C discharge to 3.3V (4.2V-3.3V(4 C/0.5 C)) test conditions.

As shown in the plot in FIG. 12, cells with electrodes made using highvolume direct coating based roll-to-roll process have similar capacityfade as baseline cells, with fast charge cycles.

FIG. 13 is a plot illustrating normalized capacity retention with fastcharge cycles for cells that use electrodes produced using a high-volumedirect coating based roll-to-roll process, in accordance with an exampleembodiment of the disclosure.

The plot shown FIG. 13 compares normalized capacity retention (e.g., tothe 2^(nd) cycle), as a function of number of cycles, for fast chargelife cycle (e.g., 4 C, where 4 C is 2880 mA, for example), as a measureof cycle life performance, for cells corresponding to two differentgroups: group 1301 and group 1303. In this regard, group 1301 representsbaseline cells, whereas group 1303 represents direct coating basedcells. The capacity retention for both cell groups is measured under 4 Ccharge to 4.2V and 0.5 C discharge to 3.3V (4.2V-3.3V(4 C/0.5 C)) testconditions.

As shown in the plot in FIG. 13, cells with electrodes made using a highvolume direct coating based roll-to-roll process have similar normalizedcapacity retention as the baseline cell with fast charge cycles. In thisregard, carbon-silicon composite anodes may have a major advantage vs.graphite cells in this area as graphite cells typically show very fastfade when charged at 4 C due to lithium plating.

Electrodes made using a high volume direct coating based roll-to-rollprocess, and direct coating based cells incorporating such electrodes,also perform well with respect to structural and physicalcharacteristics. Silicon-dominant anodes made using a high volumeroll-to-roll direct coating based system (e.g., system 400 of FIG. 4),for example, perform well with respect to flexibility, which may bemeasured or tested based on bendability of the anodes. For example,where composite electrode films made using system 400, with a Cu foilhaving a thickness of 10 μm, may be sufficiently flexible that whenrolled up (e.g., using rods with outer diameter (O.D.) of 2, 4, and 5mm), they may do so easily, and without cracking.

An example system for continuous roll-to-roll electrode processing, inaccordance with the present disclosure, comprises one or more componentsconfigured for receiving at least one precursor composite roll thatcomprises precursor composite film coated on a current collector, and aheat treatment oven for applying heat treatment to the precursorcomposite roll, to convert the precursor composite film into a pyrolyzedcomposite film coated on the current collector; with the system beingconfigured for processing the precursor composite roll in continuousmanner.

In an example embodiment, the heat treatment oven is configured to applythe heat treatment in reducing atmosphere.

In an example embodiment, the heat treatment oven is configured tocreate reducing atmosphere related conditions, the reducing atmosphererelated conditions comprising at least one of inert atmosphere, avacuum, flowing of one or more reducing gases.

In an example embodiment, the system further comprises one or moremoving components configured for moving the precursor composite rollthrough the heat treat oven.

In an example embodiment, the system further comprises one or morefeeding components configured for feeding the current collector with thecoated precursor composite film into the heat treatment oven from theprecursor composite roll.

In an example embodiment, the one or more feeding components areconfigured for feeding the current collector with the coated pyrolyzedcomposite film from the heat treat oven into a composite electrode roll.

In an example embodiment, the heat treatment oven is configured forapplying heat treatment in each of a plurality of temperature zones.

In an example embodiment, the heat treatment oven is configured forapplying different heat treatments in at least two different ones of theplurality of temperature zones.

In an example embodiment, the heat treatment oven is configured forapplying cooling in at least one portion of the heat treatment oven.

In an example embodiment, the heat treatment oven comprises one or moreatmosphere isolation chambers.

An example method for continuous roll-to-roll electrode processing, inaccordance with the present disclosure, comprises applying to a currentcollector film, at least one precursor composite film; rolling thecurrent collector film into a precursor composite roll; and applyingheat treatment to the current collector film, where the heat treatmentis configured for converting at least one precursor composite film to apyrolyzed composite film. Applying the heat treatment comprises one orboth of: applying the heat treatment to the precursor composite roll inwhole, and applying the heat treatment to the current collector film,with the coated at least one precursor composite film, as it iscontinuously fed from the precursor composite roll.

In an example embodiment, the method further comprises applying the heattreatment in reducing atmosphere.

In an example embodiment, the method further comprises creating reducingatmosphere related conditions during the heat treatment, the reducingatmosphere related conditions comprising at least one of inertatmosphere, a vacuum, flowing of one or more reducing gases.

In an example embodiment, the method further comprises moving theprecursor composite roll in whole through a heat treatment oven duringthe heat treatment.

In an example embodiment, the method further comprises feeding thecurrent collector with the coated precursor composite film, from theprecursor composite roll, into a heat treatment oven during the heattreatment.

In an example embodiment, the method further comprises rolling thecurrent collector with the coated pyrolyzed composite film into acomposite electrode roll.

In an example embodiment, the method further comprises applying the heattreatment separately in each of a plurality of temperature zones.

In an example embodiment, the method further comprises applying the heattreatment differently in at least two different ones of the plurality oftemperature zones.

In an example embodiment, the heat treatment comprises applying cooling.

As utilized herein, “and/or” means any one or more of the items in thelist joined by “and/or”. As an example, “x and/or y” means any elementof the three-element set {(x), (y), (x, y)}. In other words, “x and/ory” means “one or both of x and y.” As another example, “x, y, and/or z”means any element of the seven-element set {(x), (y), (z), (x, y), (x,z), (y, z), (x, y, z)}. In other words, “x, y and/or z” means “one ormore of x, y, and z.” As utilized herein, the term “exemplary” meansserving as a non-limiting example, instance, or illustration. Asutilized herein, the terms “for example” and “e.g.” set off lists of oneor more non-limiting examples, instances, or illustrations.

As utilized herein the terms “circuits” and “circuitry” refer tophysical electronic components (e.g., hardware), and any software and/orfirmware (“code”) that may configure the hardware, be executed by thehardware, and or otherwise be associated with the hardware. As usedherein, for example, a particular processor and memory (e.g., a volatileor non-volatile memory device, a general computer-readable medium, etc.)may comprise a first “circuit” when executing a first one or more linesof code and may comprise a second “circuit” when executing a second oneor more lines of code. Additionally, a circuit may comprise analogand/or digital circuitry. Such circuitry may, for example, operate onanalog and/or digital signals. It should be understood that a circuitmay be in a single device or chip, on a single motherboard, in a singlechassis, in a plurality of enclosures at a single geographical location,in a plurality of enclosures distributed over a plurality ofgeographical locations, etc. Similarly, the term “module” may, forexample, refer to a physical electronic components (e.g., hardware) andany software and/or firmware (“code”) that may configure the hardware,be executed by the hardware, and or otherwise be associated with thehardware.

As utilized herein, circuitry or module is “operable” to perform afunction whenever the circuitry or module comprises the necessaryhardware and code (if any is necessary) to perform the function,regardless of whether performance of the function is disabled or notenabled (e.g., by a user-configurable setting, factory trim, etc.).

Other embodiments of the invention may provide a non-transitory computerreadable medium and/or storage medium, and/or a non-transitory machinereadable medium and/or storage medium, having stored thereon, a machinecode and/or a computer program having at least one code sectionexecutable by a machine and/or a computer, thereby causing the machineand/or computer to perform the processes as described herein.

Accordingly, various embodiments in accordance with the presentinvention may be realized in hardware, software, or a combination ofhardware and software. The present invention may be realized in acentralized fashion in at least one computing system, or in adistributed fashion where different elements are spread across severalinterconnected computing systems. Any kind of computing system or otherapparatus adapted for carrying out the methods described herein issuited. A typical combination of hardware and software may be ageneral-purpose computing system with a program or other code that, whenbeing loaded and executed, controls the computing system such that itcarries out the methods described herein. Another typical implementationmay comprise an application specific integrated circuit or chip.

Various embodiments in accordance with the present invention may also beembedded in a computer program product, which comprises all the featuresenabling the implementation of the methods described herein, and whichwhen loaded in a computer system is able to carry out these methods.Computer program in the present context means any expression, in anylanguage, code or notation, of a set of instructions intended to cause asystem having an information processing capability to perform aparticular function either directly or after either or both of thefollowing: a) conversion to another language, code or notation; b)reproduction in a different material form.

While the present invention has been described with reference to certainembodiments, it will be understood by those skilled in the art thatvarious changes may be made and equivalents may be substituted withoutdeparting from the scope of the present invention. In addition, manymodifications may be made to adapt a particular situation or material tothe teachings of the present invention without departing from its scope.Therefore, it is intended that the present invention not be limited tothe particular embodiment disclosed, but that the present invention willinclude all embodiments falling within the scope of the appended claims.

1. A system for continuous roll-to-roll electrode processing, the systemcomprising: one or more components configured for receiving at least oneprecursor composite roll that comprises precursor composite film coatedon a current collector; and a heat treatment oven for applying heattreatment to the precursor composite roll, to convert the precursorcomposite film into a pyrolyzed composite film coated on the currentcollector; wherein the system is configured for processing the precursorcomposite roll in continuous manner.
 2. The system of claim 1, whereinthe heat treatment oven is configured to apply the heat treatment inreducing atmosphere.
 3. The system of claim 1, wherein the heattreatment oven is configured to create reducing atmosphere relatedconditions, the reducing atmosphere related conditions comprising atleast one of inert atmosphere, a vacuum, flowing of one or more reducinggases.
 4. The system of claim 1, comprising one or more movingcomponents configured for moving the precursor composite roll throughthe heat treatment oven.
 5. The system of claim 1, comprising one ormore feeding components configured for feeding the current collectorwith the coated precursor composite film into the heat treatment ovenfrom the precursor composite roll.
 6. The system of claim 5, wherein theone or more feeding components are configured for feeding the currentcollector with the coated composite film from the heat treatment oveninto a composite electrode roll.
 7. The system of claim 1, wherein theheat treatment oven is configured for applying heat treatment in each ofa plurality of temperature zones.
 8. The system of claim 7, wherein theheat treatment oven is configured for applying different heat treatmentsin at least two different ones of the plurality of temperature zones. 9.The system of claim 1, wherein the heat treatment oven is configured forapplying cooling in at least one portion of the heat treatment oven. 10.The system of claim 1, wherein the heat treatment oven comprises one ormore atmosphere isolation chambers.
 11. A method for continuousroll-to-roll electrode processing, the method comprising: applying to acurrent collector film, at least one precursor composite film; rollingthe current collector film into a precursor composite roll; and applyingheat treatment to the current collector film, wherein the heat treatmentis configured for converting at least one precursor composite film to apyrolyzed composite film; wherein applying the heat treatment comprisesone or both of: applying the heat treatment to the precursor compositeroll in whole; and applying the heat treatment to the current collectorfilm, with the coated at least one precursor composite film, as it iscontinuously fed from the precursor composite roll.
 12. The method ofclaim 11, comprising applying the heat treatment in reducing atmosphere.13. The method of claim 12, comprising creating reducing atmosphererelated conditions during the heat treatment, the reducing atmosphererelated conditions comprising at least one of inert atmosphere, avacuum, flowing of one or more reducing gases.
 14. The method of claim11, comprising moving the precursor composite roll in whole through aheat treat oven during the heat treatment.
 15. The method of claim 11,comprising feeding the current collector with the coated precursorcomposite film, from the precursor composite roll, into a heat treatoven during the heat treatment.
 16. The method of claim 11, comprisingrolling the current collector with the coated pyrolyzed composite filminto a composite electrode roll.
 17. The method of claim 11, comprisingapplying the heat treatment separately in each of a plurality oftemperature zones.
 18. The method of claim 17, comprising applying theheat treatment differently in at least two different ones of theplurality of temperature zones.
 19. The method of claim 11, wherein theheat treatment comprises applying cooling.